{"id":469,"date":"2020-08-07T09:20:26","date_gmt":"2020-08-07T07:20:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/?page_id=469"},"modified":"2023-03-07T08:23:54","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T07:23:54","slug":"desir","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/index.php\/cours-2020-2023-ferrie\/desir\/","title":{"rendered":"cours sur le d\u00e9sir"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-text-align-center is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Plan du cours<br>consacr\u00e9 au d\u00e9sir (2019-2020)<\/p>\n<cite>cours audio confin\u00e9 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/?p=819\">Lacan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/index.php\/2020\/08\/21\/aulagnier-cc-2020\/\">Aulagnier<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/index.php\/2020\/08\/19\/kierkegaard-cc-2020\/\">Kierkegaard<\/a>) <\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Le d\u00e9sir comme probl\u00e8me<\/em> (introduction)<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>les noms du d\u00e9sir<\/em>&nbsp;: comment le dire&nbsp;?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>les sens du d\u00e9sir<\/em> en soci\u00e9t\u00e9 : comment en interpr\u00e9ter l\u2019essence ?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">I. <em>D\u00e9sir et danger<\/em> <br>(ou l\u2019ab\u00eeme du d\u00e9sir passionn\u00e9 \u00e0 ma\u00eetriser)<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>contenir ou <em>mod\u00e9rer <\/em>les d\u00e9sirs de l\u2019\u00e2me&nbsp;: <strong>Platon<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>le d\u00e9sir partag\u00e9<\/em> entre amour du bien et convoitise du mal&nbsp;: <strong>Augustin<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>la facult\u00e9 de d\u00e9sirer <\/em>entre passion mauvaise et d\u00e9sir raisonnable de la bonne volont\u00e9&nbsp;: <strong>Kant<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>en finir avec le d\u00e9sir<\/em>&nbsp;: <strong>Schopenhauer<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">II. <em>D\u00e9sir et s\u00e9r\u00e9nit\u00e9<\/em> <br>(ou la pl\u00e9nitude du d\u00e9sir \u00e0 assumer comme condition du bonheur)<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>unit\u00e9 <\/em>du d\u00e9sir (<em>orexis<\/em>) et primaut\u00e9 du d\u00e9sirable (<em>orekton<\/em>)&nbsp;: <strong>Aristote<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>revaloriser <\/em>le d\u00e9sir (<em>epithumia<\/em>)&nbsp;: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/index.php\/cours-2020-2023-ferrie\/desir\/3\/\">\u00c9picure<\/a> et Lucr\u00e8ce<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>l\u2019absolue <em>positivit\u00e9 <\/em>du d\u00e9sir&nbsp;: <strong>Spinoza<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la <em>cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 <\/em>des machines d\u00e9sirantes&nbsp;: <strong>Deleuze et Guattari<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">III. <em>D\u00e9sir et libert\u00e9<\/em> <br>(ou l\u2019Odyss\u00e9e du d\u00e9sir \u00e0 accomplir)<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>le d\u00e9sir de reconnaissance (de la libert\u00e9)&nbsp;: <strong>Hegel et Koj\u00e8ve<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>le projet d\u2019\u00eatre du pour-soi comme <em>d\u00e9sir d\u2019\u00eatre<\/em>&nbsp;: <strong>Sartre<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>une <em>structuration inconsciente et symbolique<\/em> du d\u00e9sir&nbsp;: <strong>Freud<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-bright-red-color\">d\u00e9but du cours confin\u00e9<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">4. le d\u00e9sir ent\u00e9 sur le fantasme&nbsp;: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/?p=819\">Lacan<\/a><br>5. l\u2019ambivalence radicale du d\u00e9sir&nbsp;: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/index.php\/2020\/08\/21\/aulagnier-cc-2020\/\">Aulagnier<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00c9pilogue<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Le d\u00e9sir d\u00e9moniaque de vivre l\u2019instant pr\u00e9sent : le <em>Don Giovanni<\/em> de Mozart interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 par <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/index.php\/2020\/08\/19\/kierkegaard-cc-2020\/\">Kierkegaard <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-bright-red-color\">les noms grecs du d\u00e9sir<\/mark><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2484\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-4.png 500w, https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-4-300x192.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 85vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"544\" src=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-5.png 500w, https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-5-276x300.png 276w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 85vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"514\" height=\"117\" src=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-6.png 514w, https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-6-300x68.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 514px) 85vw, 514px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"502\" height=\"185\" src=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2487\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-7.png 502w, https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-7-300x111.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 502px) 85vw, 502px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"523\" height=\"141\" src=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2488\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-8.png 523w, https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-8-300x81.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 523px) 85vw, 523px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2460\" width=\"277\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-2.png 513w, https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-2-245x300.png 245w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 277px) 85vw, 277px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2461\" width=\"274\" height=\"371\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-3.png 513w, https:\/\/www.per-turbas.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/image-3-222x300.png 222w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 274px) 85vw, 274px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00c9picure<\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">une revalorisation h\u00e9doniste du d\u00e9sir (corporel)<\/span><\/h3>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">La source de la lettre \u00e0 M\u00e9n\u00e9c\u00e9e d'\u00c9picure (X, 122-135) est l\u2019ouvrage doxographique de Diog\u00e8ne La\u00ebrce [III<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle] \u00e0 propos des <em>Vies et doctrines des philosophes de l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9<\/em>, dont le <a href=\"http:\/\/remacle.org\/bloodwolf\/philosophes\/laerce\/10epicure12.htm\">livre X<\/a> est consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00c9picure\u00a0: apr\u00e8s la lettre \u00e0 M\u00e9n\u00e9c\u00e9e (X, 122-135), il y a toute une s\u00e9rie de maximes num\u00e9rot\u00e9es en chiffres romains de I \u00e0 XL (139-153.<\/pre>\n<p>Contre le discr\u00e9dit moraliste jet\u00e9 sur le d\u00e9sir (<em>epithumia<\/em>) et sur le plaisir (<em>hedon\u00e8<\/em>) qu\u2019il recherche, la revalorisation h\u00e9doniste <em>du<\/em> d\u00e9sir passe par une d\u00e9valorisation de l\u2019opinion vide qui rend le d\u00e9sir vain. Car l\u2019opinion vide vient de pr\u00e9somptions fausses [\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u1f75\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2, p.124], par exemple \u00e0 propos des dieux que la foule croit \u00e0 l\u2019origine d\u2019avantages et de d\u00e9savantages, alors qu\u2019ils n\u2019interviennent pas dans les affaires humaines en raison m\u00eame de leur incorruptibilit\u00e9 bienheureuse ou encore leur b\u00e9atitude incorruptible [\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u1f00\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u1f79\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, p.123]\u00a0: y croire a pour cons\u00e9quence, en effet, de d\u00e9pr\u00e9cier la vie et les plaisirs de la vie en perdant son temps \u00e0 prier des statues par crainte de la mort. Le d\u00e9sir d\u2019immortalit\u00e9 empreint du regret m\u00e9lancolique (<em>pothos<\/em>) de devoir mourir un jour rend triste la condition mortelle de la vie, qu\u2019il faut au contraire rendre joyeuse en \u00f4tant ce d\u00e9sir n\u00e9gatif, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire litt\u00e9ralement en l\u2019ex-tirpant (apo=aph-elko) [\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u1f79\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd, p.124-125], de fa\u00e7on \u00e0 rendre au d\u00e9sir toute sa positivit\u00e9 (contre le <em>a<\/em> privatif de l\u2019immortalit\u00e9). S\u2019appuyant sur le paradigme du ventre, \u00c9picure soutient que la nourriture la plus agr\u00e9able est pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable \u00e0 la nourriture la plus abondante et, donc, qu\u2019il convient de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rer une vie agr\u00e9able \u00e0 une longue vie\u00a0:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u1f77\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f25\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, <br \/>\u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u1f75\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f25\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u1f77\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (126)<br \/><br \/>De m\u00eame que l'on choisit pas du tout la nourriture la plus abondante, mais la plus agr\u00e9able, de m\u00eame on jouit du temps non pas le plus long mais le plus agr\u00e9able.<\/pre>\n<p>Car, pour \u00eatre heureux, nous n\u2019avons plus besoin d\u2019une dur\u00e9e infinie, comme le croient les gens dissolus avides de satisfaire le d\u00e9sir de plaisir illimit\u00e9s, puisque l\u2019entendement a pris connaissance des <em>bornes<\/em> du corps [<em>Maximes principales<\/em>, \u00c9p. xx]. Il ne s\u2019agit donc pas de fuir le plaisir, mais de supprimer la douleur du besoin pour accro\u00eetre ensuite le plaisir corporel, tout comme la joie de l\u2019esprit \u00e0 investir les choses de la nature qui provoquent une inqui\u00e9tude [\u00c9p. xviii] est \u00e0 dissiper en satisfaisant le d\u00e9sir de conna\u00eetre. C\u2019est la condition du bonheur entendu comme absence de trouble de l\u2019\u00e2me (<em>ataraxia<\/em>) et du corps (<em>aponia<\/em>) cons\u00e9cutive \u00e0 la satisfaction des d\u00e9sirs naturels (et n\u00e9cessaires). Il n\u2019y a pas en effet de bonheur (\u03b5\u1f50\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u1f77\u03b1) et de vie bienheureuse (\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd) sans plaisir, qui en est le principe (<em>arch\u00e8<\/em>), en tant qu\u2019affection servant de crit\u00e8re au choix et au refus, et en m\u00eame temps l\u2019accomplissement final (<em>telos<\/em>). C\u2019est pourquoi le plaisir est le bien premier et connaturel [\u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u1f7b\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd] en tant qu\u2019inh\u00e9rent \u00e0 notre nature d\u2019\u00eatre vivant\u00a0:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u03a4\u1f79\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u0387 &lt;\u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd,&gt; \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba\u1f73\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1. \u039a\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f73\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u1f73\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd\u0387 [129] \u03c4\u03b1\u1f7b\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03b1\u1f7b\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u1f71\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u1f73\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1f7b\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1f79\u03bd\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u1f71\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u1f77\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u00ab \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u1f7b\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb' \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u1f72\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f15\u03c0\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0387 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u03b7\u03b4\u1f79\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u1f77\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f77\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u1f77\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u1f7a\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u1f77\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u03b7\u03b4\u1f79\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1f74 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c6\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1f75\u0387 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f71 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u03b7\u03b4\u1f7c\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1f79\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u1f74 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u1fd6\u03b1. [130] \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u1f79\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03bb\u1f73\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u1f77\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f75\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u0387 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1ff7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f71 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1ff7, \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f54\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1ff7.<\/pre>\n<p>Reste qu\u2019un raisonnement sobre est n\u00e9cessaire en contrepoint du crit\u00e8re du plaisir pour savoir, en s\u2019aidant des pr\u00e9notions tir\u00e9es de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience, s\u2019il convient ou non de satisfaire un d\u00e9sir compte tenu des avantages et des d\u00e9savantages qui seraient cons\u00e9cutifs \u00e0 sa satisfaction. Ce n\u2019est donc pas le plaisir qui est en soi rejet\u00e9, puisque tout plaisir est en soi bon en raison de sa conformit\u00e9 \u00e0 notre nature [\u03a0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1f74 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c6\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd]<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">X. \u0395\u1f30 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c3\u1f7d\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f14\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c6\u1f79\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u1f7d\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u1f71\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u03b7\u03b4\u1f79\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u1f73\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f04\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u1f34\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f45 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03c8\u03b1\u1f77\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u1f79\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u1f79\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bb\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1f79\u03bd.<\/pre>\n<p>Il n\u2019y aurait rien \u00e0 redire, par cons\u00e9quent, si les plaisirs des gens dissolus pouvaient calmer l\u2019angoisse (de la mort, des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes c\u00e9lestes et des souffrances) en enseignant la <em>limite<\/em> des d\u00e9sirs [\u00c9p.\u00a0x]. Car \u00ab\u00a0aucun plaisir n\u2019est un mal en soi, mais certaines choses capables de nous procurer des plaisirs apportent avec elles plus de maux que de plaisirs\u00a0\u00bb [\u00c9p.\u00a050 = \u00c9p.\u00a0viii].<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">VIII. \u039f\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u1f77\u03b1 \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8' \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1f79\u03bd\u0387 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u1f73\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c7\u03bb\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd.<\/pre>\n<p>La cause en est l\u2019opinion fausse\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0ce n\u2019est pas le ventre en effet qui est insatiable, comme le croit la foule, mais la fausse opinion de sa capacit\u00e9 <u>ind\u00e9finie<\/u>\u00a0\u00bb [\u00c9p.\u00a059]. Car, en soi, \u00ab\u00a0Le plaisir du ventre est le principe et la racine de tout bien\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">XXIX. \u03a4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31 \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 &lt;\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b1\u03b9\u0387 \u03b1\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76&gt; \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b1\u03b9\u0387 \u03b1\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4' \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u1f79\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9. \u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f21\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f41 \u1f18\u03c0\u1f77\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u03b7\u03b4\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f77\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\u0387 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1f75\u03bd, \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f04\u03bb\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1fc6 \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u1f77\u03b1\u0387 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4' \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6\u1f71\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u1f73\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/pre>\n<p>La ma\u00eetrise du d\u00e9sir pr\u00e9suppose ainsi une typologie des diff\u00e9rents types de d\u00e9sirs, de fa\u00e7on \u00e0 s\u2019\u00e9pargner de chercher <em>en vain<\/em> \u00e0 satisfaire des d\u00e9sirs insatiables [p.127 <em>vs<\/em> p.149 = \u00c9p. xxvi]. Parmi les d\u00e9sirs, il y en a qui sont naturels et n\u00e9cessaires (pour le bonheur, pour l\u2019absence de souffrance du corps, pour la vie elle-m\u00eame)\u00a0; d\u2019autres sont naturels, et non n\u00e9cessaires\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Tous les d\u00e9sirs qui ne provoquent pas de douleur quand ils restent insatisfaits ne sont pas n\u00e9cessaires, ils peuvent m\u00eame \u00eatre refoul\u00e9s s\u2019ils sont difficiles \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser ou capables de causer du dommage\u00a0\u00bb [\u00c9p. xxvi]. D\u2019autres enfin ne sont ni naturels ni n\u00e9cessaires, mais le produit d\u2019une vaine opinion, comme les \u00e9loges de la foule [\u00c9p. 29]\u00a0: par exemple, la richesse conforme \u00e0 la nature a des bornes, mais celle imagin\u00e9e par les vaines opinions est sans limite et difficile \u00e0 acqu\u00e9rir [\u00c9p. 8]. Par exemple, envier [\u00c9p. 53] est ind\u00e9fini.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00ab\u00a0Tous les d\u00e9sirs naturels qui ne provoquent pas de douleur quand ils restent insatisfaits, et qui cependant impliquent un effort soutenu, sont des produits de la vaine opinion, et ce n\u2019est pas leur nature propre qui rend leur refoulement impossible, mais l\u2019id\u00e9e chim\u00e9rique de l\u2019homme.\u00a0\u00bb [\u00c9p. 50 = \u00c9p. xxx].<\/pre>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">XXX. \u1f18\u03bd \u03b1\u1f37\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f10\u03c0' \u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f51\u03c0\u1f71\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f21 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u1f74 \u03c3\u1f7b\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u1f79\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f57\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f77\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c6\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u1f73\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u1f7d\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd.<\/pre>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00ab\u00a0Ni la tr\u00e8s grande richesse, ni l\u2019estime et l\u2019admiration de la foule, ni aucune chose due \u00e0 des motifs <u>ind\u00e9finis<\/u> ne peut d\u00e9livrer l\u2019\u00e2me des troubles et lui procurer une joie r\u00e9elle.\u00a0\u00bb [\u00c9p. 81].<\/pre>\n<p>Cette joie r\u00e9elle est le but (<em>telos<\/em>) de la nature [\u00c9p. 50 = \u00c9p. xxv] conforme \u00e0 l\u2019esp\u00e8ce humaine, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire un bien conforme \u00e0 leur nature auquel ils aspirent en suivant le penchant de leur nature [\u00c9p. vii] au lieu de d\u00e9sirer acqu\u00e9rir une grande renomm\u00e9e. Ce d\u00e9sir <em>connaturel<\/em> du plaisir est stable, par contraste avec les plaisirs mobiles des Cyr\u00e9na\u00efques (135-137). Car l\u2019homme pauvre quant au but naturel est riche en opinions vaines\u00a0: les gens insens\u00e9s sont insatisfaits de ce qu\u2019ils ont, de m\u00eame que les gens ayant de la fi\u00e8vre sont constamment assoiff\u00e9s et d\u00e9sirent les choses les plus oppos\u00e9es. Les individus dont l\u2019\u00e2me est en mauvais \u00e9tat manquent de tout et s\u2019abandonnent aux d\u00e9sirs les plus divers (148) et sans nombre, qu\u2019ils accumulent autant que les craintes (147), alors qu\u2019il faut se garder des d\u00e9sirs effr\u00e9n\u00e9s [\u00c9p. 80], comme \u00c9picure l\u2019a recommand\u00e9 \u00e0 travers son portrait des gens dissolus dans la lettre \u00e0 M\u00e9n\u00e9c\u00e9e (131-132). Par contraste, il convient de choisir de ne satisfaire que les d\u00e9sirs qui peuvent l\u2019\u00eatre sans dommage, de fa\u00e7on \u00e0 pr\u00e9server ce grand bien qu\u2019est l\u2019autarcie\u00a0:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u039a\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f71\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u1f73\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f77\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f50\u03c7 \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f40\u03bb\u1f77\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb' \u1f45\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u1f70\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f71, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f40\u03bb\u1f77\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f25\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u1f7b\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f25\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u1f7b\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03c0\u1f79\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c0\u1f79\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd. (130)<\/pre>\n<p>Par cons\u00e9quent, la sagesse est de savoir se contenter de peu et de s\u2019abstenir du reste\u00a0: par exemple le commerce charnel, nullement profitable, dont on doit s\u2019estimer heureux de ne pas s\u2019en tirer sans dommage\u00a0; mais \u00e9galement se marier avoir des enfants, s\u2019occuper de politique.<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u1f18\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2\u0387 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u0387 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b8\u03b5\u1f79\u03c0\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f41 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 * *. \u039f\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u1fe5\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u1f77\u03b7 \u03b4\u1f73, \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03bd, \u1f64\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f73\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5, \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u03b7\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f14\u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5. [119] \u00ab \u039a\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u1f79\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f18\u03c0\u1f77\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f77\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c6\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f73 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u1f77\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd. \u039a\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u1f77 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2.<\/pre>\n<p>Cette sagesse est la condition pour \u00eatre heureux : la sant\u00e9 (ou hygi\u00e8ne) du corps est un bien, tout comme l\u2019amiti\u00e9. Il est impossible de vivre heureux sans \u00eatre sage, honn\u00eate et juste, ni d\u2019\u00eatre sage honn\u00eate et juste sans \u00eatre heureux [132 <em>vs<\/em> 140 = \u00c9p. v].<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">V. \u039f\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u1f73\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1f77\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2, &lt;\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1f77\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2&gt; \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f21\u03b4\u1f73\u03c9\u03c2. \u1f4d\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f71\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03be \u03bf\u1f57 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1f77\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f71\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u1f73\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd.<\/pre>\n<p>Il y a donc un accord entre le but naturel, le bonheur fond\u00e9 sur le crit\u00e8re affectif du plaisir (128-129), et le d\u00e9sir de conna\u00eetre (gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la philosophie) les causes du bonheur que sont les pr\u00e9ceptes \u00e9thiques\u00a0: les raisonnements sobres de la <em>prudence<\/em> permettent ainsi de vivre comme un dieu vivant dans des biens immortels (135) heureux et imperturbable. C\u2019est pourquoi, par contraste avec le plaisir qui est le bien premier et avec l\u2019autarcie qui est un grand bien, la prudence est le plus grand bien [\u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f73\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd] qui soit\u00a0:<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u03a4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f73\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd \u03c6\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2\u0387 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u1f7d\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f71\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f10\u03be \u1f27\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f31 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u1f7b\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u1f77, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1f71\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u1f73\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1f77\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2, &lt;\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u1f77\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2&gt; \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f21\u03b4\u1f73\u03c9\u03c2\u0387 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u1f7b\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f31 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u1f73\u03c9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b6\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f21\u03b4\u1f73\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76\u03bd \u1f00\u03c7\u1f7d\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd. (132)<\/pre>\n<p>C\u2019est qu\u2019il n\u2019y a aucun d\u00e9sir du mal, l\u2019\u00eatre humain est juste tromp\u00e9 par une opinion vide\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0nous prenons le bien pour un mal et inversement le mal pour un bien\u00a0\u00bb (130)<\/p>\n<pre style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00ab\u00a0Personne ne choisit le mal d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment, mais s\u00e9duit par le mal se pr\u00e9sentant sous la forme du bien et perdant de vue le mal le plus grand qui en sera la suite, on se laisse prendre au pi\u00e8ge.\u00a0\u00bb [\u00c9p. 16].<\/pre>\n<p>Cette illusion provoqu\u00e9e par l\u2019opinion vide n\u2019entache donc en rien la positivit\u00e9 du d\u00e9sir.<\/p>\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>La M\u00e8re est la matrice du d\u00e9sir&#8230;<\/p>\n<cite>03\/03\/2023<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Freud<\/span><\/h3>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Plan du coursconsacr\u00e9 au d\u00e9sir (2019-2020) cours audio confin\u00e9 (Lacan, Aulagnier, Kierkegaard) Le d\u00e9sir comme probl\u00e8me (introduction) I. D\u00e9sir et danger (ou l\u2019ab\u00eeme du d\u00e9sir passionn\u00e9 \u00e0 ma\u00eetriser) II. 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